Dyeus: The Indo-European Sky Father

812,175
0
Published 2023-01-12
Thanks to Wondrium for sponsoring today's video! Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: ow.ly/rhcY50Mf3i6

Join our Patreon community!: www.patreon.com/religionforbreakfast
One-time donations here!: www.paypal.me/religionforbreakfast
Check out my favorite religious studies books by following this affiliate link to my Amazon page: www.amazon.com/shop/religionforbreakfast

In this video, we explore the Proto-Indo-European Sky Father. A deity revered by many cultures throughout history. From the Greek Zeus to the Roman Jupiter, the Sky Father god represented the celestial day-lit sky. Hosted by Dr. Andrew M. Henry.

Bibliography:
David Anthony, "The Horse, the Wheel, and Language," 2007.
Ranko Matasovic, "A Reader in Comparative Indo-European Religion," 2018.
Mallory and Adams, "The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World," 2006.
West, Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford Press, 2007.

All Comments (21)
  • @ninja34744
    Learning Jupiter came from Sky-Father rather than being an independent name really blew my mind.
  • thank you for prioritizing historical contexts around religions and not just theology! your channel is an important reminder that both the past and present are richly nuanced
  • @heyjude4340
    Dyus Pitr is directly mentioned in Rig Veda And when we Hindus perform rituals we chant - Dyuas Shanti which means - the sky is peaceful
  • @nbenefiel
    I remember reading a paper by an Irish scholar on similarities between Old Irish language and rituals and those of India. It was fascinating.
  • @mjr_schneider
    I would love to see a whole series on reconstructed Indo-European religion because it's so fascinating. One of my favourite examples is how we can be pretty sure that the Proto-Indo-Europeans lived inland because we know they had words for bodies of water but not specifically for the sea. Many sea gods from Indo-European mythologies had strange associations with things other than the sea (Poseidon was the god of horses and storms, Neptune was the god of springs) that suggest that they weren't originally worshipped as sea gods and only became associated with the sea after their peoples migrated to coastal areas.
  • @macwinter7101
    As a geneticist, I want to point out that we now have access to a lot of valuable genetic data that can help answer these questions about the origin of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language. We don't have to rely on linguistic and cultural data alone anymore. For example, when considering the distribution of clades within the R1 hablogroup in modern humans as well as from DNA from preserved human remains, it is likely that the original speakers of the PIE formed after hunter gatherer populations from Eastern Europe mixed with hunter gatherers from the Caucus mountains. And given that important domesticated animals associated with the spread of Indo-European (IE) languages, such as horses, are grassland species that naturally inhabited steppe regions, such as the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, it is quite likely that the ancestral Indo-European culture formed in that region, where it eventually spread west into Europe and East into India and parts of the Middle East. From a genetic perspective, there was a westward migration into Europe from the East around 4,500 years ago, where many of the original inhabitants of Europe were mostly displaced by the new migrants, with some genetic mixing. These migrants are referred to as Western Steppe Herders (WSH), and most Europeans derive most of their ancestry from these people. Since the arrival of these WSH corresponds with the timing of the spread of Info-European languages into Europe, it is very likely that these WSH spoke the PIE language. Also, the amount of loanwords shared between modern Indo-European and Uralic languages suggest that there was linguistic mixing between the early speakers of the two language families. And since the Uralic languages are distributed in the regions near the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, this is further support that the the Indo-European languages originated there, as opposed to further south in the Eastern Mediterranean. In fact, genetic data shows that the peoples who lived in Europe before the WSH were agriculturalists who originated on the Islands of the Aegean Sea, referred to as Eastern European Farmers (EEF). So there definitely is good evidence for a migration of people into Europe from the Aegean, but those peoples were mostly displaced by the WSH, where most modern Europeans have more WSH ancestry than EEF ancestry, which suggests that it was the WSH who spread Indo-European languages, not these Aegean farmers. It is usually the language of the displacers that survives, not the peoples being displaced. I personally believe that the Basque language is a descendent of the language spoken by the EEF. Not only is the Basque language not of Indo-European-European origin, the Basque people have the highest EEF DNA of all Europeans. In summary, using genetic data to determine migration patterns into Europe, which correspond with the spread of languages, I think there were three major language families brought to Europe since the beginning of the Holocene: There was an original migration of hunter gatherers into Europe after the end of the Ice Age (11,700 years ago). And those hunter gatherers probably spoke a family of language belonging to a language family that has no living representatives, because those hunter gatherers were then replaced by the Eastern European Farmers, who came from the Aegean a few thousand years after and spread agriculture into Europe. And then, the Western Steppe Herders, from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, spread into Europe some 4,500 years ago, bringing horses and mostly displacing the EEF and their languages. And it was the WSH who brought the Indo-European-European languages into Europe. I hope more research goes into determining whether Basque could be a descendant of the languages spoken by the EEF. I honestly don't know here else Basque could have come from, especially since the Basque people have so much EEF ancestry. Interestingly enough, using the DNA from bodies buried around Stonehenge, we can see the major shifts in ancestry.
  • @aslater5
    Here’s another weird one, Cerberus in Greek mythology and an underworld dog named Sarvara in Hindu mythology, they think they both go back to the same mythological creature in the Proto-Indo-European religion.
  • 8:34 The powers of Dyaus Phter was transferred to his son -the God Indra -in Vedic mythology. Indra is the supreme God and the king of the Gods. He wields a thunderbolt weapon and has slayed a serpent demon . This is almost identical to Zeus and Jupiter. Similarly, in Germanic mythology the thunderbolt weapon and serpent slaying are attributed to Thor but his father Odin is the king of the Gods . So there are some regional variations.
  • Note that the word Dyeus is still being used in modern Romance languages for "God" - dios in Spanish, dio in Italian, dieu in French, deus in Portugese etc., as well as in other modern Indo-European languages - deity in English, theos in Greek (d became th), dievs in Latvian, Deva/Devas in modern descendants of Sanskrit, but also diva in many south Asian languages...
  • @friedkeenan
    I absolutely adore linguistics and religious studies separately, and it's awesome watching these videos of you putting them together. Thank you so much
  • I always wondered why the Spanish words dia (day) and Dio (god) were so similar! This is so interesting!
  • I could imagine that the sky's universality played a role in the sky fathers popularity
  • @t0xcn253
    Pre-Indoeuropean is literally the most interesting concept ever. It might be because I was already interested in Greco-Roman civilization AND Hinduism, but the whole idea is just endlessly fascinating. Mention PIE and you've immediately got my attention!
  • @kardoen99
    In indigenous Siberian and Mongolian religions, we know the highest deity as Tenger, тэнгэр (Tengri/Taniz in other languages). A very common epithet is Tenger Etseg, тэнгэр эцэг. Tenger means sky and etseg means father; the epithet names them Sky Father. I've always wondered if there was a cultural connection between the Mongolic Tenger Etseg and the Indo-European Father Sky, and other deities. It is not inconceivable, as they both originate in the Eurasian steppe and are known to have had contact.
  • @johndoe8091
    The way you present this information and the way you are wary of the uncertainties regarding such historical, archaeological and linguistical studies shows an acute sense of truth and a healthy dose of scepticism. Wish more people would approach subjects with as much care and knowledge as you do, especially when presenting those subjects publicly. Never stop spreading knowledge please, people like you are a gift and should be cherished!
  • @athelonus
    While Indo-European is the biggest language family in terms of the number of speakers, Austronesian is actually the family with the most languages in it.
  • On the point of reconstructing myths, it is telling how many cultures share similar stories (not just in the indo-european family). A deity associated with the sky defeating a mighty serpent associated with chaos and using its remains to construct the world (Chaoskampf), a dog that watchfully guards over the underworld, a pair of twins who travel to the underworld, etcetera.
  • I’m a big fan of linguistics and religious studies so I’m very happy to see you talking about this, keep up the great work!
  • @felicityc
    I learned pashto for the military and it was very interesting first learning about these similarities. I feel like most people would expect pashto and latin derived languages to be extremely different, yet they have so many similarities and root words it is almost absurd. One thing I find very interesting is that words that are closer to the family, and closer to needs tend to stay very similar- we go from pater and even in pashto, the word is now 'plaar'. It is familiar but not identical. Two is 'dwa', which of course is EXTREMELY similar. Those basic numbers are so important to every day life that they must have stayed common throughout history. Words that mean water are also highly similar through all of these languages (Aqua, agua, and in pashto, auba- very silly). Family names and things like agriculture too- for instance, when English was conflated with Norse, many of the family names stayed similar to old English. The 's' plural indicator was a norse thing that was applied because of English women being... well, adopted into their new families by those who stayed. Those old english words (Children? BRETHEREN? Bretheren became brothers, but children never became childs. who decided to call cows cattle????) are still with us today, but lots of the less familiar ones are gone or heavily corrupted. English may be a mutt language but so is everything else!!!!!
  • Your channel is one of the most interesting ones on YouTube. Every single video is so engaging and educational, I'm extremely grateful for the work you put into your videos.