Simulating the Evolution of Multicellularity

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Published 2024-05-27
In this video I showcase a program that I have been working on for simulating evolution by natural selection. I dive into various mechanisms of the simulation and go over some interesting real-life biology in the process. The key aim of this project is to evolve multicellular organisms, starting from single-celled protozoa-like creatures that must collect mass and energy from their surroundings in order to survive, grow and reproduce.

This work was presented at the 2023 International Conference on Artificial Life. You can read a more detailed exploration of the project in the paper published in the conference proceedings:

Dylan Cope, 2023. "Real-time Evolution of Multicellularity with Artificial Gene Regulation." Proceedings of the 2023 Artificial Life Conference. MIT Press. direct.mit.edu/isal/proceedings/isal2023/35/77/116…

If you want to run the simulation yourself or just poke around the code, you can find the project on GitHub:
github.com/DylanCope/ProtoEvo

Join the Discord:
discord.com/invite/GY5UJxbBnq

Chapters:
00:00 - Introduction
01:24 - Recapping Simulation Basics
02:27 - How Do Computers Simulate Evolution?
04:46 - Introducing Gene Regulation
05:15 - Why is Gene Regulation Important?
07:44 - Implementing GRNs In The Simulation
10:07 - The Surface Nodes System
12:37 - Looking At A GRN
14:13 - Looking At Cell Signalling
16:40 - Conclusions

Credits and References:

Neil Shubin, Some Assembly Required: Decoding Four Billion Years of Life, from Ancient Fossils to DNA
www.amazon.com/Some-Assembly-Required-Decoding-Bil…

John Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence
www.amazon.com/Adaptation-Natural-Artificial-Syste…

“Darwin’s Finches”, Illustrated by John Gould, in “Journal of Researches”, Darwin, 1845
picryl.com/media/darwins-finches-by-gould-a6e32a

Epigenetics Mechanisms Diagram, United States National Institutes of Health
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics#/media/File:Epig…

Cell Types Diagram, Wikipedia Contributor Haileyfournier
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation#/me…

Tectonic plates animation: Scotese, C.R., 2016. Plate Tectonics, Paleogeography, and Ice Ages, (Modern World - 540Ma)
   • Plate Tectonics,  540Ma - Modern Worl...  

Genetic Algorithms Diagram
www.strong.io/blog/evolutionary-optimization

Galapagos Finch Evolution — HHMI BioInteractive Video
   • Galapagos Finch Evolution — HHMI BioI...  

Evolution Tree of Life Diagram
www.evogeneao.com/en/learn/tree-of-life

Music by Vincent Rubinetti
Download the music on Bandcamp:
vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/a...
Stream the music on Spotify:
open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjw...

All Comments (21)
  • @Mix-xn9lc
    The legend says that Dylan Cope returned after his loyal cultists the Sapling dev, Adapt dev, Simulife Hub(foo52) and the Bibites dev summoned him from the dead.
  • @drnphd
    Amazing work! Glad to see a new video! I literally said "Wow!" when you showed off the inter-cell gene regulatory network. Amazing!
  • @lgniisfire869
    This is a fantastic simulation of Evo-Devo, However I wanted to add something. The Salamander/Axolotl test, the reason why this happens is in Mexico, the caves lacked Iodine. Iodine is a very important chemical for Amphibian Development, its what allows for maturation to complete (Axolotls are Salamanders that basically are stuck in puberty because they don't get iodine). I wonder how removing a growth hormone affects evolution, and reintroducing that hormone back after speciation as occured. Like imagine if the Axolotl found a way to enter the salamander stage without Iodine, now give it iodine again. The machinery should still be present, would this cause multiple "growth" stages to occur?
  • I watched the previous evolution video today. (I actually rewatched it for like 20th time after I got back to my own evolution program starting basically from scratch). This video release caught me by a surprise I have to say, a really nice surprise
  • @Firestorm-tq7fy
    Omg, i just posted some days ago to pls continue this, and after over a year, you returned! ❤
  • @zix2421
    This network on them is amazing! It’s definitely the most thoughtful evolution simulation I have seen on YouTube, I thought it is “Bibites” earlier. Good luck with the project!
  • @yiannchrst
    I hope you can make more videos on this project! Even if you don't have many updates, I'd just like to see what can evolve in this!
  • @PawelGrzelak
    The amount of complexity you were able to put into that simulator and still make it stable is incredible. All my attempts, even the simplest ones, on creating evolution, always turned into pure chaos.
  • @stevewalker9870
    He's frigging back! I had nearly lost hope, but the great Dylan Cope has graced us with his amazing content once again!
  • @MrKubaxius
    I was laying in bed for the last few hours, unable to sleep, thinking about creating eerily similar simulation. I finally got out of bed, opened youtube, and this is the first video I've seen, lol. I love it!
  • @an_asp
    I really hope to see more work done with gene regulatory networks and similar mechanisms in evolutionary computation. It always feels like evolution in these systems is less flexible than you'd hope, and anything providing improvements to the reuse and repurposing of functional components seems like a promising direction.
  • @jarednamlooc589
    Im so happy for another installment! Not enough evolutionary simulator content on YT
  • @peperando8733
    Really interesting. I'm glad these kinds of simulations are being created... Definitely will be following the project!
  • @gertgamma4485
    Wow, literally only found the first vid yesterday, how lucky is that
  • @erli2075
    Once again, very cool project. I do wonder if evolution can take advantage of all the solution space that you created. These videos need a Natural Geographic section 😅